DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

Descriptive text is available for a screen reader device to audibly describe a graph or map so a visually impaired user can understand the graphical information . Or to describe the characteristic of particular Person, thing , or place .

Textstructure :
- Identification: Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
- Description: Gives the information of particular thing, person, or
 Place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or Characteristic.

Language figures :
a. Topic is usually about the attributes of a think.
b. The use of think person pronoun forms is used.
c. The use of focus specific human and non human participants.
d. The use of reasoning expressed as verbs or noun.
e. The use of material.
f. The use of relation and mental process.

Characteristic :
a. Use the simple present tense.
b. Using detailed noun phrases to provide information on the subject.
c. Uses relating verbs to provide information on the subject.
d. Use the thinking and feeling verbs to reveal personal views about the subject
author.
e. Use action verbs.
f. Use adverbials to provide additional information.
g. Use figurative language such as simile, metaphor.

Grammatical features :
- Who? What?
- Using linking verb and simple present tense,
- Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase,
- Attributive (the)
- Use a attributive and identifying process,
- Focus an specific participants,
- Frequent use of epithets and classified in nominal groups

Example of Descriptive Text:
                                  
                                    NATURAL BRIDGE NATIONAL PARK

Natural Bridge National Park is luscious tropical rainforest. It is located 110 kilometers south of Brisbane and is reached by following the Pacific Highway to Nerang and then by travelling through the Numimbah Valley. This scenic roadway lies in the shadow of the Lamington National Park.

The phenomenon of the rock formed into a natural ‘arch’ and the cave through which a waterfall cascades is a short one-kilometer walk below a dense rainforest canopy from the main picnic area. Swimming is permitted in the rock pools. Night-time visitors to the cave will discover the unique feature of the glow worms.

Picnic areas offer toilets, barbeque, shelter sheds, water and fireplaces; however, overnight camping is not permitted.

INTRODUCTORY IT

When the subjective is an infinitive phrase:
We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase.
So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.

Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)

• It is easy to learn English. (To learn English is easy.)

• It is easy to find fault with others. (To find fault with others is easy.)

• It is difficult to know his motive. (To know his motive is difficult.)

• It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.

• It is dangerous to play with fire.

• It could be dangerous to drive so fast.

When the subject is a gerund phrase
When the real subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. So instead of saying ‘Your trying to fool us is no good’, we say, ‘It is no good your trying to fool us.’

* It won’t be any good complaining to the manager. (Complaining to the anager won’t be any good.)
* It is silly throwing away this opportunity. (Throwing away this opportunity is silly.)
* Will it be any good my talking to him about it? (Will my talking to him about it be any good)
* It is no fun having so many children to look after. (Having so many children to look after is no fun.)

Note :
that it is possible to change the gerund into an infinitive.
It won’t be any good for me to complain to the manager.
It is silly (for you) to throw away this opportunity.
Will it be any good for me to talk to him about it?

NEWS ITEM

News item is a factual text which inform reader or daily newspaper about events of the day which are regarder as newsworth or important.

The generic structure of News item :
* Headline.
* Correspondence.
* Newsworthy events :

Recounts the event in summary form.
* Background events :

Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
* Sources :
 
Comments by participants in, witness to and authorities expert on the event.
Linguistic features :
* Action verbs.
* Verbal verbs.
* Mental verbs.
* Temporal circumstances.
* Spatial circumstances.
* Specific participants.
 
Is structure is:
• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
• Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.

 
Significant Grammar Features:

• Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
• Generally using Simple Past Tense
• Use of Material Processes to retell the event
• Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
• Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
• Focus on Circumstances
• Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.

1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences

Example of News item :

Shark Savages Creek Swimmer
By John Orr and AAP

A Gold Coast man was recovering in hospital last night after a shark bit him in his buttocks and right leg when he went for a moonlit swim in a canal.
Mr. Craig Coleman, 26 needed about 200 stitches and is awaiting plastic surgery.
He went for a swim in little Tallebudgera Creek and adjoining canals to “cool off” late on Saturday night.
He “dog-paddled” halfway accros the stream and while having a breather, a shark, estimated, to be 1.8m long, “took a liking to him”.
“I never got a look at him-who would have thought there would be sharks in the river,” Mr. Coleman said yesterday.
He was the second person to be attacked by a shark in the Mermaid Waters canal in the past 12 months.
A 10 years-old boy was attacked late last year only metres from where Mr. Coleman was bitten.
Mr. Coleman said he was unaware of previous shark attacks in Gold Coast waterways as he had recently moved there from Sydney.

FINITE VERB

Finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs.
Finite verb can form “ Independent clause “ which can stand by their own as complete sentences , an independent clause as a complete sentence. It contains themain subject and verb of a sentences.

In English , only verbs in certain mood are finite
These include :

1. Indicative mood : expressing a state of affairs.

Dalam indicative mood, finite verb harus menggunakan varb, example :
1. The buldoser demolished the restaurant.
2. Ani is going to visit her mother in hospital.
3. He has waited his father since morning.

2. Imperative mood : Giving a command.

Dalam imperative mood, finite verb tidak memerlukan subjek karena tanpa memakai subjek pun kalimatnya sudah jelas.

Example : 1.Positive command

- Help me, please !

2.Negative verb
- Don’t do that.

Example:

• I walked, they walk, and she walks are finite verbs
  * (to) walk is an infinitive.
• I lived in Germany.
  * "I" is the subject. "Lived" describes what the subject did. "Lived" is a finite verb.

Example :

• The truck demolished the restaurant.
• The leaves were yellow and sickly.

NOUN PHRASES

Noun phrase is other a single noun or any group of words containing noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of averb.

For example, ‘they’ , ‘books’, and ‘the books’, are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)

- Structure of Noun Phrases:
• A beautiful old painting on the wall

When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them, you put adjectives in front of the first noun.
Example : We just spoke with a young American boy

Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (base + ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.
Example : Passing the exam watching TV

Example:

• My coach is happy.
• I like the cars over there.
• The woman who lives there is my aunt.
• Frankenstein is the name of the scientist not the monster.
• I consider Meong my favorite cat.
• Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.
• To read quickly and accurately is John’s goal.
• Two of my guests have arrived.
• Mr. Jones spoke to Dr. James.
• My friend works with her father.
• Alex is a smart tall white boy.
• It's a beautiful red car.
• Mr. Aldy has just bought an expensive large house.

SIMPLE FUTURE

SIMPLE FUTURE

Definition : 

Simple Future Tense used to express occurrence/activity to happened/to be  done in the future,do 10 minutes or 1 hour to come ,tomorrow ,the day after tomorrow ,next week,next month ,next year,and so on.If past tenses express occurrence/activity after now ( time past ) ,tenses future simple express occurrence /activity before now

( time future).

Positive Tenses

Pattern :

• S + will+ verb₁+ O+ modifier
• S + ( is,are.am ) + going + verb₁+ O+ modifier
• S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb₁ + ing ) + O + modifier

Example :

• Farmers in Jati Bali will grow rice crops next month
• Some students are going to conduct research on vegetative plant propagations next semester.
• Transpiration will start to increase tomorrow morning.

Negative Tense

Pattern :

• S + will + not + verb₁+ O + modifier
• S +{ ( is,are,am ) going to }+ not +verb₁ + O + modifier
• S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb₁ + ing ) + O + modifier

Example :

• Farmers in Jati Bali will not grow rice crops next month
• Transpiration will not start to increase tonight
• He will not be very happy when he finds out.

Question

Pattern :

• • Will + S + verb₁+ O + modifier
  • Will + S + { ( is,are,am ) going to }+ O + modifier
  • Will + S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb₁ + ing ) + O + modifier

Example :

• • • Will farmers in Jati in Bali grow rice crops next month ?
    • Will transpiration start to increase tomorrow morning  ?
    • Will he be very happy when he finds out ?
    
    
    To offer to do something.
    Example= A: I don’t have a pen to write.
    B: don’t worry. I will lend you.
    
    To assert an agreement to do something.
    Example= A: you must come to my party.
    B: I promise I will come on party.
    
    To ask someone to do something.
    Example= A: it’s very hot in my room.
    B: certainly.
    
    To predict event that will be happened
    Example= A: will I pass the test next month?
    B: don’t worry, you will pass.
    
    To assert an incident/event that will be sure happened.
    Example= A: I’m seventeen years old now.
    How old will I be next year?
    B: you will be eighteen years old next years.
    All people and animals in the world will die
     
  • Future tense “shall”
    * To assert a deal or gift suggestion
    Example= Today, we are free.
    Where shall we go?
    Note: shall for subject “I, we”
    
     
  • Future tense “be going to”
    * To assert an incident that will be happened and gone ever break a promise to do it.
    Example= A: Did you send my letter for her?
    B: oh, I’m sorry I forgot.
    I’m going to send it tonight.
    
    * To assert an incident/event that cause there are incident/event that mention that what will be next happened.
    Example= A: The sky is very dark.
    What do you think?
    B: I think it’s going to rain
    
    A. Time signal
    1.Tomorrow…
  •  Morning
  •  Afternoon
  •  Evening
  •  Night
•  Time
•  Week
•  Month
•  Year
•  January

3. Tonight

4. The day after tomorrow

5. Soon

6. Later

7. Two, three more days

8. Two, three days later

9. By and by

B. Formation of sentences

1. Positive (+):

a. Subject + shall/will + VI

Example: I shall clean the room

We will go to school

She will give a present

Note: “shall” just can use for subject “I and We”

b. Subject + be + going to + VI

Example:

I am going to play tennis

They are going to swim very fast

He is going to write a story

OFFERING

The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.

Example:

Doni : Would you like a juice, Brenda?

Abdul : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this juice tastes good

Doni : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.

Offering may refer to:

* Offering, a collection of donations during religious worship, see alms, tithe or charity

* Offering, a religious sacrifice of plant, animal or human life

* Offering (Buddhism), a part of devotional practice

* Securities offering, a discrete round of investment, usually regulated in the United States by the Securities Act of 1933

Expression of offering:

Ways to say it

* Would you like a cup of tea, Carol?

* Should I get you a bottle of water?

* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Veronika?

* Would you care some salad?

Offering to friends:

* Want some?

* Have some?

* Chocolate?

* Grab some for yourself

Less formal expressions:

* Would you like to have a pancake?

* Why don't you have some lemonade?

* What can I get for you?

* What will you have?Declining an offering

* No, thanks

* No, really won't, thanks

* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering:

* Thank you.

* Yes, please

* I'd like it very much

* That would be very nice